An Introduction to Information Technology Law - Free Essay Example

  Introduction to Information Technology Law Table of Contents Introduction The Dispute Copyright infringement Definition of Fair Use What Did the Court Decide, and Why? Introduction Googles Library Project, a solution launched in 2004 allowing users to find relevant books easier. This project is also known as Google Book Search. In this project, Google partnered with several major libraries to include their collections in Google Books by scanning and categorizing the booking electronically. Google books, allowing users to perform full-text search through those scanned books. Million of books were scanned by Google which is still in copyright while Google did not obtain the copyright permission of those scanned books. Google books operated based on Googleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s search engine. The result will be displayed in an interface which full or partial book preview or some snippets or no preview at all. Google annoyed the plan to digitize books and make them available on Google Books in a rate of approximately 15 million volumes within a decade. However, Google did not obtain copyright permission while scanning millions of books that are still under copyri ght. This triggered controversy from some parties such as authors and publisher to challenged Google on digitizing Books which is in-copyright. In 2005, The Authors Guild and Association of American Publishers separately filed lawsuit against Google. The claim against Google is a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"massive infringementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ on Copyright while the company failed to properly compensate authors and publishers. The group are seeking for injunction for Google to scan copyright books. Googles principal defense is fair use under 107 of the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. 107.[1] In 2008, Google has reached a settlement agreement (The Amended Settlement Agreement (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The ASAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ )) with the parties. The proposed settlement was preliminarily approved by Judge John E. Sprizzo by order entered November 17, 2008.[2] Google was expecting in exchanging for the right to make millions of books available to the public. The Settlement Agreement was revised in 2009 in or der to take care of the feedback from rightsholders. March 2011: A federal judge Denny Chin rejects the settlement reached between the publishing industry and Google because the agreement is not fair, adequate, and reasonable,[3] for example, providing a monopoly environment to Google and implementing a forward-looking business arrangement. March 2012 Google reach settlement with publishers.[44] On May 31, 2012 Judge Chin issued an opinion on denying Googles motion to dismiss and granting the individual plaintiffs motion, from Authors Guild (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“AGà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ) and the American Society of Media Photographers and other named photographersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ associations (collectively à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ASMPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ), for class certification. Authors Guild v. Google Inc. [4] in their separate suits against Google relating its scanning of books and the images they contain. In late 2013, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York ruled in Googleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s favor on summary judgment2 and held that Googleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s actions were fair use. This article provides a summary of the issues involved, the reasoning behind the decision and the takeaways from the case. What is Copyright? Copyright legislation is part of the wider body of law known as intellectual property. [5] Industrial property and Copyrights are two branches of intellectual property rights while Industrial property such as patents protects inventions and copyright protects literary and artistic works.[6] As mentioned above, copyright is a form of an intellectual property. It is exclusive and assignable legal right grants the creator of an original work protecting works such as but not limited to text, artistic works, music, computer programs, sound recordings and films. The expression of copyright refers to the copying act of protected works may be made only with the authorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ authorization. [7] Hence, the copyright owners may prevent others from reproduction, distribution, rental and importation their work without their permission. Copyright can be grant to others in specific rights, for example the right for copying, a publisher may be allowed to copy the work after obtai ning a license from the author. There are few properties of copyrights: Copyright is grant to the author of the expression of the ideas as soon as it exists. In most of the countries, public registration for copyright protection is not necessary. Copyright is transferrable in full or partial form. The copyright owner is able to transfer the right to others, for example, license the copying rights to other. Unlike patents, copyright law protects only the form of expression of ideas; it does not protect ideas, concepts, styles or techniques. Copyright is separated from the property right, for example, owning a book does not grant you the copying right of the book. There are some limitations on the copyright rights. Under the law of the United States, certain categories of works are excluded from the copyright protection[8] The first sale doctrine Copyrighted work could be resell legitimately if the work is obtained legally licensed. That is the work is originally produced by or with the permission of copyright holder.[9] For example, resell of a copyrighted book which is produced in authorization of the author is legally allowed and does not infringe copyright. This first sales doctrine also subjected to some important conditions and exceptions under the Copyright Law of the United States of America Section 109(a). For example, rental of a music CD under the first sales doctrine is not allowed. Fair Use and fair dealing Copyright was subjected to a fair use limitation in some jurisdiction such as the United States. The doctrine of fair use was developed through a substantial number of court decisions over the years and has been codified in section 107 of the United States copyright law.[10] Under the doctrine of fair use, there are certain usage of copyright material are allowed legally. The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes The nature of the copyrighted work The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole The effect of the use upon the potential market for, or value of, the copyrighted work Competition law / anti-trust law The Dispute of the Goole Books Case Copyright infringement In the Google Books Case, the main focus is on Gogglesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ act of massive digitizing in-copyright material without obtaining proper permission from the copyright owners. Definition of Fair Use But third, and most important, not every à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“copyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  violates copyright law. In particular, if a copy is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fair use,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  then copyright law has not been violated. The question in this case is thus, as always, is the copying for purposes of making snippet access available à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fair use.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  As much as you know that it is wrong to download music without the permission of the copyright owner, I hope you also know that it is right to make copies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  even without the permission of the copyright owner à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  when such copies are fair use Fair use basically means there are certain situations in which copying is excused under the Copyright Laws. The Fair Use Doctrine is codified in 17 U.S.C. 107 (the Copyright Act), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include: 1) the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; 2) the nature of the copyrighted work; 3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and 4) the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Classic examples of situations where the Fair Use Doctrine has applied include: news reporters copying portions of a work for purposes of news reporting and criticism;[11] The Amended Settlement Agreement In October 2008, the Amended Settlement Agreement (ASA) is a 166 pages document with the core value of allowing public access to millions of out-of-print books registered in the U.S. Copyright Office. With ASA, Google will able to (1) continue to digitize Books and Inserts, (2) sell subscriptions to an electronic Books database, (3) sell online access to individual Books, (4) sell advertising on pages from Books, and (5) make certain other prescribed uses.[12] The scope of the settlement was limited to books that were either registered with the U.S. Copyright Office or published in the U.K., Australia, or Canada, which share a common legal heritage and similar book industry practices. [13] Under this settlement, Google will establish a standalone, not-for-profit Book Rights Registry to maintain a database of rightsholders in order to locate the rightsholders and administer distributions of revenues.[14] 63% of all revenues of retailing access to the out-of-print books will be distributed to the rightsholders in accordance with a Plan of Allocation and Author-Publisher Procedures, while retailers will keep the majority of the remaining 37%.[15] For Unclaimed Works, an Unclaimed Works Fiduciary will be setup to represent the interest with respect to[16]. The fund will be hold on behalf of the rightsholders by Book Rights Registry. After five years, the accumulated fund will be used to locate the rightsholders. After 10 years, the Registry may ask the court to distribute those funds for non-profit use for the reading public. For books inserted before May 5, 2009, Google will pay $45 million into a Settlement Fund to make Cash Payments to rightsholders,[17] at minimum $60 per Principal Work, $15 per Entire Insert, and $5 per Partial Insert and maximum $300 per Principal Work, $75 per Entire Insert, and $25 per Partial Insert, depends on the amount of eligible claims. The ASA classified in-print (Commercially Available) and out-of-print (not Commerc ially Available) Books.[18] Under the ASA, Google are allowed to make only non-display use of the in-print books unless an explicit authorization was grant by the Booksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ rightsholders. Google are allowed to display out-of-print books but the rightsholders may instruct Google to stop it. If the above settlement was success, it will benefit the society in: Allowing the public, such as students, scholars, and readers to search, preview, and purchase online access to of in-copyright, out-of-print books. Create a channel for authors and publishers to sell their copyrighted works Create an independent, not-for-profit Book Rights Registry that will locate and represent rightsholders, making it easier for everyone to license works; [19] Allowing the public for free, full-text, online viewing of millions of out-of-print books at designated computers in U.S. public and university libraries; and[20] Enable unprecedented access to the written literary record for people who are visually impaired. [21] There are approximately 500 filed submissions, in majority objections to ASA. According to the opinion of case The Authors Guild et al. vs. Google Inc.[22] There are 7 main objections to ASA. Adequacy of Class Notice Inadequate notice was given to certain class members of the original settlement ASA such as Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, Inc., the American Society of Journalists and Authors, Inc., and certain foreign publisher and authors associations object to the adequacy of notice.[23] Adequacy of Class Representation[24] Certain objectors object to the ASA because their interests are odds with the interest of the representative plaintiffs. The adequacy of representation inquiry considers whether à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“1) plaintiffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interests are antagonistic to the interest of other members of the class and 2) plaintiffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s attorneys are qualified, experienced and able to conduct the litigation.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [25] The court concluded there is a substantial question on the existence of antagonistic interests between named plaintiffs and certain members of the class.[26] Scope of Relief Under Rule 23 The ASA consists two distinct parts. The first part is a settlement of past copyright infringement while the second part is transferred to Google certain rights in exchange for future and ongoing arruangements.[27] This is in result releasing Google from liability for certain future acts. Certain objectors were objecting to this à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“forward-looking business arrangementsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  in a reason that the relief goes beyond the dispute before the court in this litigation.[28] Copyright Concerns Certain objectors point out that the ASA pertaining to orphan works would result in the involuntary transfer of copyrights in violation of the Copyright Act, as copyrighted works would be licensed without the owners consent.[29] Antitrust Concerns Certain objectors object the ASA because it violates the Sherman Act in certain pricing mechanisms on the ASA. The ASA allowing Google on scanning books, especially orphan books, would also allow Google a monopoly over digital books and, hence, entrench Googles dominant position in the online search business. [30] Privacy Concerns Certain objectors contend that the ASA raises significant privacy issues.[31] By digitalizing books, Google collected huge amount of information including private information about identifiable users.[32] The protection of the use of those information is not adequate.[33] International Law Concerns Since scope of ASA was limited to books register with the U.S. Copyright Several foreign authors and entities contend that the ASA would violate international law by assuming the right of foreign rightsholders are not covered and by favouring rightsholders from certain nations.[34] On March 22, 2011, Judge Denny Chin handed down his Order rejecting the proposed settlement agreement (the ASA) between The Authorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Guild et al. and Google. He explicitly said that the ASA is not fair, adequate, and reasonable. [35] Te court would like to leave this matter to the Congress as the decision is 1) establishment of a mechanism for exploiting unclaimed books; 2) The notion that a court-approved settlement agreement can release individual rights owners who have not voluntarily consented to transfer is a troubling one; 3) ASA is violating the international principles and treaties. What Did the Court Decide, and Why? On summary judgment, Judge Denny Chin considered a variety of factors, and ultimately concluded that Googleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s actions were fair use. Reference Increasing Access to Books: The Google Books Settlement: https://sites.google.com/a/pressatgoogle.com/googlebookssettlement/home Fair use the Google Books project[36] The Google Books decision: The Authors Guild v Google Inc[37] 1 | Page [1] Case 1:05-cv-08136-DC Document 1088 Filed 11/14/13 [2] 05 CIV 8136, The Authors Guild et al. vs. Google Inc., United States District Court, see also: ECF No. 64 [3] 05 CIV 8136, The Authors Guild et al. vs. Google Inc., United States District Court, page 45 [4] I.d., page 14, see also: 282 F.R.D. 384 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) [5] Understanding Copyright and Related Rights, WIPO Publication No. 909(E), ISBN 978-92-805-1265-6, page 4 [6] Understanding Copyright and Related Rights, WIPO Publication No. 909(E), ISBN 978-92-805-1265-6, page 4 [7] Understanding Copyright and Related Rights, WIPO Publication No. 909(E), ISBN 978-92-805-1265-6, page 4 [8] Understanding Copyright and Related Rights, WIPO Publication No. 909(E), ISBN 978-92-805-1265-6, page 5 [9] Copyright à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright [10] FL-102, Reviewed June 2012, U.S. Copyright Office, https://www.copyright.gov/fls/fl102.html [11] See, e.g., Religious Technology Center v. Pagliarina, 908 F.Supp. 1353 (E.D. Va. 1995) (the Washington Post newspaper quoted brief portions of Church of Scientology texts in an article, and its use was deemed a fair use); and Italian Book Corp. v. American Broadcasting Co., 458 F.Supp. 65 (S.D.N.Y. 1978) (a television film crew covering a festival recorded a band playing a portion of a copyrighted song, and the film was replayed during the news broadcast à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  the unauthorized reproduction of the song portion in this case was deemed fair use). [12] The Revised Google Books Settlement Agreement, 3.1, 4.1-4.8; see also ASA 1.149, https://6c01e33b-a-7d83507a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/a/pressatgoogle.com/googlebookssettlement/revised-settlement/SettlementModificationsOverview.pdf?attachauth=ANoY7crqyX4nDlCchCcwFrUopGM-s65QJxsvvsxfWPwKMU4g0QLQko_j0PPkna-fXc7cJWK17tH97EeV9R5W-9458ZFK_12mosgClUMJVt1ZarH9g5gM0FVHqcIJ2seGQMIBxnl0ng45vO8E60ZrKHdkuKxb6uE-8tVX58ccaYck3VT0nL53iIM0bcsbcxG05HOUJssaDcrgJ7HvNdIzqssM Ro9VpT5tPFJ4MbFjRLTh7N-xpirYH3HNjzipjGLF8uMwadZGVT0i6Wt5Z5wVXQmZzNrdFlPcSoID0R1LLPpE6mxZUtZ4E%3Dattredirects=0 [13] I.d. [14] I.d., 6.1(b) [15] I.d., 2.1-2.4, 4.5, 5.4, [16] I.d., 3.2(e)(i), 3.3, 3.10, 4.2(c)(i), 4.3, 4.5(b)(ii), 4.7, 6.2(b)(ii) [17] I.d., 2.1(b), 13.4; [18] I.d., 1.31, 3.2, 3.3 [19] I.d., 6.1(b) [20] Id. [21] Id. [22] 05 CIV 8136, The Authors Guild et al. vs. Google Inc., United States District Court [23] I.d., Page 11 [24] I.d., Page 11 [25] I.d., page 20 [26] I.d., page 20 [27] I.d., page 21 [28] I.d., page 12, see also 17 U.S.C. 201(e) [29] I.d., page 21 [30] I.d., page 13 [31] I.d., page 12 [32] I.d., page 12 [33] I.d., page 12 [34] I.d., page 12 [35] I.d., page 45 [36] C.L.S. Rev. 2014, 30(1), 86 [37] E.I.P.R. 2011, 33(8), 531-536

The Importance Of Women During The Gallipoli Campaign

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Sustainability is usually laughed at, global warming is...

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Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 2116 Words

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The fact that marijuana is illegal is mainly caused by the amount of money, jobs, and pride invested in the drug war. Once the government starts anything, they stick to it. At

Essay on Huck Finn - Jim - 953 Words

Throughout all of his adventures Jim shows compassion as his most prominent trait. He makes the reader aware of his many superstitions and Jim exhibits gullibility in the sense that he Jim always assumes the other characters in the book will not take advantage of him. One incident proving that Jim acts naive occurs halfway through the novel, when the Duke first comes into the scene quot;By right I am a duke! Jims eyes bugged out when he heard that...quot; In the novel, Huck Finn, one can legitimately prove that compassion, superstitious and gullibility illustrate Jims character perfectly. To begin with, among the many characteristics of Jim, his compassionate nature shows throughout the book. When Huck and Jim come across the†¦show more content†¦Throughout the book Jim acts as the most caring character, especially towards Huck. Luckily, the two men, devote everything they can to surviving this adventure and it shows that they care for one-another very much. Not only does the novel show Jim as compassionate but, it also portrays him as superstitious. For instance, he believes the reasoning behind the bad luck relates to Huck touching a snakeskin. quot;You said it was the worst bad luck in the world to touch a snakeskin with my hands.quot; Equally important Jim believes hairy arms and chests leads to wealth. quot;Ef yous got hairy arms en a hairy breas, its a sign dat yous a gwyne to be rich.quot; Furthermore, the sight of birds flying overhead produces rain. quot;Some young birds come along, flying a yard or two at a time and lightning. Jim said it was a sign it was going to rain.quot; Another situation where Jim shows superstition includes, quot;And Jim said you musnt count the things you have for dinner because that would bring you bad luck. The same if you shook the tablecloth after sundown.quot; These superstitions prove just how crazy Jim acts. In addition to Jims superstitious nature, throughout the novel he also demonstrates gullibility. A good example of thisShow MoreRelatedFriendship of Huck Finn and Jim831 Words   |  4 PagesIn Mark Twains, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, we read about the development of a relationship between a white boy and a runaway slave, something that in the 1800s one wouldve been punished for. Throughout Huck and Jims story struggles, fallbacks, and advances within their friendship are witnessed by readers. The choice to do what one feels is right and what society teaches us is not always an easy one to make. Even for just a coming of age novel the powerful message of unconditional loveRead More Hucklenberry Finn Huck and Jim Essay1474 Words   |  6 PagesHucklenberry Finn Huck and Jim Huck and Jim Mark Twain tells the story of Huckleberry Finn, and his maturity that is developed through a series of events. This maturity is encouraged through the developing relationship between Huck and Jim, as well as the strong influence Jim has on Huck. Jims influence not only effects Hucks maturity, but his moral reasoning; and the influence society has on Huck. Jim is Hucks role model; even though Huck would not admit it. At first Jim seems to portrayRead MoreHuck Finn And Jim Relationship Analysis1146 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween Huck Finn and slave Jim in the great American novel poses a complex exception to this observation. Mark Twain’s the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn takes place in Missouri, a slave state, around the 1830s and 40s. It centers around our main character, Huckleberry Finn, and the adventures he endures with his close friend Jim, who is a slave. Throughout the harsh physical journey along the the Mississippi River, Huck undergoes deep internal conflict about w hether to help free slave Jim, a sinRead More Huck and Jim in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay567 Words   |  3 Pagesstays the same throughout a book or story, and a round character is one that changes throughout the book due to challenges they face and resolve. While Huck and Jim are two very important characters throughout the book, it could be argued that they are flat or round. Neither change very much, but each have small discoveries. Throughout the book, Huck is independent and easy going. He never wants to be kept down or tied to one place. Even though he is the main character, he does not change very muchRead More Parental Roles in Huck Finn: Jim as Hucks Perfect Companion1689 Words   |  7 Pagessatisfying people’s need for love and support,† (World Book). In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, the subject of family is questioned. Huck does not have a consistent parental figure. Using a psychological literary approach to analyze Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and family relationships, one finds that Huck does not work well with either Miss Watson and Aunt Sally, or Pap, Jim is the only appropriate parental figure. â€Å"The term family generally refers to a group ofRead MoreIn â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,† Huck and Jim both endure many hardships, and they struggle1200 Words   |  5 PagesIn â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,† Huck and Jim both endure many hardships, and they struggle daily in search of their freedom. Huck is a young free spirited boy that loves adventure and lacks the necessity of civilization; his partner in crime is Jim, a runaway slave. As Huck and Jim float down the Mississippi River they are faced with an overwhelming amount of difficult situations and circumstances. Some of the struggles that Huck and Jim experience are slavery, society, civilization, natureRead MoreThe Adventures of Huckaberry Finn by Mark Twain: Huck and Jim Analysis563 Words   |  3 Pagesregarding Jim as a friend changes throughout the novel as their bond with each other increases. In most parts of the story,Huck has internal conflict about whether or not he s hould turn Jim in,but Huck keeps thinking about how bad he would feel afterward. In chapter 8,Huck finds that Jim is a runaway. Jim explains to Huck that he overheard Miss.Watson talking about how she was going to sell Jim to a slave trader in New Orleans for $800 which would separate Jim from his family. Plus,he and Jim are travelingRead MorePower Roles between Jim and Huck in Mark Twain ´s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn838 Words   |  4 PagesWith Huck and Jim unknowingly fighting to retain power aboard the raft, their friendship becomes stronger even with society’s various attempts to split the two apart. Throughout the book, Huck and Jim switch power roles during their time on the raft. Life on the raft is portrayed as a democracy, but in reality, it is a dictatorship with the in power controlling and influencing all decisions made on the raft. One noticeable occurrence of Jim possessing the power is after Huck and Jim’s separationRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1005 Words   |  5 PagesAdventures of Huckleberry Finn written by Mark Twain in the 19th century is about a young boy named Huck Finn and Jim, a runaway slave who go on an adventure. The two travel on a raft along the Mississippi river creating a bond and making memories. Mark Twain presents Huckleberry Finn as a dynamic character who at first views Jim as property and eventually considers Jim as a friend, showing a change in maturity. In the beginning of the book, Huck Finn clearly sees Jim as nothing more than propertyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn And Its Characterization951 Words   |  4 PagesHon. 2nd 3 March 2016 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and its Characterization In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, there is a large use of characterization to develop the characters and is influenced by the time period. Mark Twain was born in 1835, and lived to see the Civil War start. This is a big influence on his writing, because his two most famous works, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. They both take place in the time before the Civil

Heart of Darkness Novel on Seaman’s Life Charlie Marlow Free Essays

Joseph Conrad’s novel Heart of Darkness is about a seaman named Charlie Marlow and an experience he had as a younger man. Early in the novel it becomes apparent that there is a great deal of tension in Marlow ¹s mind about whether he should profit from the immoral actions of the company he works for which is involved in the ivory trade in Africa. Marlow believes that the company is ignorant of the tension between moral enlightenment and capitalism . We will write a custom essay sample on Heart of Darkness Novel on Seaman’s Life Charlie Marlow or any similar topic only for you Order Now The dehumanization of its laborers which is so early apparent to Marlow seems to be unknown to other members of the Company’s management. In this story Marlow’s aunt represents capitalism. Her efforts to get him a job are significant because of the morally compromising nature of the work of which she seems totally ignorant. When Marlow expresses doubts about the nature of the work, she replies, â€Å"You forget, dear Charlie, that the labourer is worthy of his hire† (12). It is clear that Marlow has mixed feelings about the whole idea. At one point, trying to justify his actions to himself, he says, â€Å"You understand it was a continental concern, that Trading Society; but I have a lot of relations on the living continent, because it’s cheap and not so nasty as it looks they say† (12). Marlow finally takes the job, however, and tells himself that the pain and unusually harsh treatment the workers are subjected to is minimal. During the tests and the requirements that he has to undergo before entering the jungle Marlow feels that he is being treated like a freak. The doctor measures his head and asks him questions such as, â€Å"Ever any madness in your family?† (15). In this part of the story Marlow is made to feel small and unimportant. Any feelings or concerns that he has are not important to the company, and as a result, he feels alone. It is only logical that Marlow would have been second guessing his decision and feeling some kinship with the other (black) workers who are exploited, but he does not reveal any such understanding. Upon reaching his destination in Africa, Marlow finds that things are just the same. At the point when he is denied rest after traveling twenty miles on foot he sees things are not going to change. Marlow then tells of how disease and death are running wild through out the area, and the company does nothing in the way of prevention other than to promote those who stay alive. Marlow’s theory on why the manager was in that position was that â€Å"†¦he was never ill† (25). This is a bad situation for Marlow because he sees his boss as a simple man with little else to offer the company other than to be a mindless foreman over the operation. This is an example of the company stripping self worth from its workers in the sense that it does not encourage or expect input from them. This is all significant because Marlow finds himself in a position where he is giving up a big piece of himself and his beliefs to make money. The tension between capitalism and moral enlightenment in the first twenty pages of this story is evident. Conrad uses Marlow to depict a seemingly good-hearted person caught in the middle of the common dilemma of moral ethics and desire for monetary success. Marlow knows that there is a great deal of repugnance in what he is doing, yet he finds himself forced to deal with it in his own personal way, which is justify it or ignore it. It is clear that the company also is forced to deal with this same issue, but it does it simply by pretending that it is not dehumanizing its entire work force. This blindness allows the Company to profit and prosper, but only at the expense of the lives of the workers in the jungle who have no way to protest or escape and the â€Å"white collar† workers like Marlow who have to live with their hypocrisy. How to cite Heart of Darkness Novel on Seaman’s Life Charlie Marlow, Essay examples

A Pair Of Tickets By Amy Tan free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper Amy Tan is an writer who uses the subject of Chinese-American life, concentrating chiefly on mother-daughter relationships, where the female parent is an immigrant from China and the girl is a exhaustively Americanized # 8211 ; yellow on the surface and white underneath. In her book, the female parent tries to convey their rich history and bequest to her girl, who is about wholly nescient of their heritage, while the girl efforts to understand her hopelessly old- fashioned female parent, who now seems to harbour a secret wisdom, who, in the terminal, is right about everything all along. At the gap of the narrative # 8220 ; A Pair of Tickets # 8221 ; Jandale Woo and her male parent are on a train, the are destined for China. Their first halt will be Guangzhou, China where he father will reunite with his long lost aunt. After sing with her for a twenty-four hours they plan to take a plane to Shanghai, China where Jandale will run into her two half sisters for the first clip. We will write a custom essay sample on A Pair Of Tickets By Amy Tan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is both a blissful clip and yet a clip of compunction, Jandale has come to China to happen her Chinese roots that her female parent told her she possessed, and to run into her two duplicate half sisters whom her female parent had to abandon on her effort to fly from the Japanese.Some people have no chance to acquire to cognize their heritage and their long lost household members. Jandale nevertheless, had about waited her full life to link with her heritage and her household. She was willing to see China and meet with her two half sisters merely in acknowledgment to her female parent # 8217 ; s wants. Jandale should hold been delighted to hold the chance to see China and acquire to cognize her roots and her household. The subject to this narrative was efficaciously treated in that the reader could see the reunion of the sisters, but yet could experience hurting and grieve interior of themselves.Having the narrative take topographic point in China, helped it to go more realistic for the reader. The reader can experience as Jandale tra ces her Chinese roots and becomes in touch with her heritage and her past. It is also possible for the reader to place themselves in the same situation and experience the feelings that are being portrayed by the characters. The reader can certainly sense the joyful and the sorrowful events and their hearts can be touched by the happiness and the pain.The main character in the story is Jandale Woo; she is the one the reader becomes a part of because it is her life that is mostly being affected. When her mother told her that she would one day feel her Chinese blood, she never believed it, but now the reader can get a perception of her understanding her Chinese roots and believing in what her mother has told her. Although Jandale was not born and raised in China like her mother she now has a grasp on her life and on her mothers life too.The story is told through the eyes of Jandale, a Chinese-American women attempting to learn of her Chinese culture and her mothers past. Women readers may relate to this story more than the men because it is told by a woman character. Men may not connect to the experiences of a mother withdrawing from her own children to save their own lives. I, myself being a young women reader can connect with the pain that is felt throughout the story considerably better than a young man could.Learning about family heritage is something people do not always understand, like Jandale people do not always want to believe their past and the past of their families. When coming to an understanding of their past, people can lay to rest their urging thoughts and can come in closer contact to their present life. Now that Jandale has meet her sisters, she can now make peace in her life knowing that she has fulfilled her dreams and the dreams of her mother. She can now lay to rest the thought of her mother never seeing her twin daughters again and continue on with her existing life.

Was Antigone A Tragic Heroine Essay Example For Students

Was Antigone A Tragic Heroine? Essay Was Antigone A Tragic Heroine? Essay Tragedy, to be at its finest, requires a complex, not a simple, structure, and its structure should also imitate fearful and pitiful events. These words of wisdom come from the great philosopher Aristotle. Antigone, written by Sophocles, exemplifies Aristotles definition of tragedy, and more precise the tragic heroine. Antigone the main character/heroine in this tragic tale, risks her life to bury her brother Polyneices. As she pleased the Gods, she was punished by family member and king, Creon. Antigone parallels Aristotles definition of a tragic heroine because she attains a fatal flaw, and instills fear and pity into the audience. Antigones fatal flaw is that she is stubborn. Antigone was determined to bury her brother regardless of any punishment she would receive for it. In fact, she knew what the repercussions were before she buried him, and yet she still chose to do it. She wouldnt even lie about it when Creon asked her if she confesses, she said I deny nothing. (208) This cannot more blatantly illustrate how stubborn she is. She dies because of her stubbornness. Antigone most likely gets her stubborn side from Oedipus. If Oedipus would have listened to the prophet and not have been so stubborn in searching for the truth he would have never found out he killed his dad and married his mom. If she would have just listened to what Creon ordered, or lied about it, than she probably would have lived throughout the play. But if she would have lived there would be no point to the play. In order to fulfill the tragedy she must die. This is why she possesses the fatal flaw stubbornness. Along with giving Antigone a fatal flaw, Sophocles also makes us (the audience) pity her. The way he writes the play makes the audience feel sorry for her. We feel pity for this poor little girl who is being sentenced to death by evil King Creon. Sophocles makes it seem that this innocent girls is being sentenced to death for merely standing up for what she believes is good and right in her eyes and in the eyes of the Gods. Antigone understands that life is only temporary, but death is forever and this is why she stresses the importance of following the laws of the Gods. In this case who would not pity her for being sentenced to death for doing something so righteous? It was sad when Antigone knew she would have to die although she was doing a good deed. When Antigone was pleading with her sister Icemen not to confess to burying she said You are alive, but I belong to death. (213) This makes the audience pity her even more. It feels like she is going to die regardless and there is nothing anyone can do to help. She said this because even if Creon didnt kill her she would kill herself if kept in a small cell away from those who she loved. This also contributes to making us feel sorry for her. The final element that produces the tragic heroine is that Sophocles makes the audience fear for Antigone. We are afraid for Antigone because her fate was already known just like Oedipus fate, she would die. I have seen this gathering sorrow from time long past loom upon Oedipus children: generation from generation (215) The chorus meant that they knew that all of Oedipus children have not died with such sadness and sorrow just by coincidence. It has all been part of the Oedipus curse. This also makes the Audience scarred knowing that a family is plagued by a curse. Antigone is an accurate representation of Aristotles tragic heroine. .u6f4afb759482718d471a790fd9545fbf , .u6f4afb759482718d471a790fd9545fbf .postImageUrl , .u6f4afb759482718d471a790fd9545fbf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6f4afb759482718d471a790fd9545fbf , .u6f4afb759482718d471a790fd9545fbf:hover , .u6f4afb759482718d471a790fd9545fbf:visited , .u6f4afb759482718d471a790fd9545fbf:active { border:0!important; } .u6f4afb759482718d471a790fd9545fbf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6f4afb759482718d471a790fd9545fbf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6f4afb759482718d471a790fd9545fbf:active , .u6f4afb759482718d471a790fd9545fbf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6f4afb759482718d471a790fd9545fbf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6f4afb759482718d471a790fd9545fbf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6f4afb759482718d471a790fd9545fbf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6f4afb759482718d471a790fd9545fbf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6f4afb759482718d471a790fd9545fbf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6f4afb759482718d471a790fd9545fbf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6f4afb759482718d471a790fd9545fbf .u6f4afb759482718d471a790fd9545fbf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6f4afb759482718d471a790fd9545fbf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Group1 1 Essay She has a fatal flaw, she makes us pity her, and makes us fear for her. Her stubbornness is what essentially kills her in the long run. We as the audience fear for her because she is fated to die. Last but not least we pity her because she is sentenced to death for doing something she sees in her eyes as just. We wanted Antigone to succeed because we know that Antigone is doing the right thing by burying her brother, pleasing the .